Vitamins and/or minerals that are supplemented can up-regulate enzymes in gastrointestinal tracts and/or livers but countervailing steps are taken where where genetic loci in gastrointestinal tracts and/or livers are hypermethylated which turns off transcriptions of genes that are closely connected to such enzymes. Supplements are appropriately only by prescriptions from MDs except supplements that are multivitamin multimineral pills that contain only around RDA amounts of vitamins and only around RDA amounts of trace minerals and/or supplements that contain carotenoids that are poorly absorbed and/or contain carotenoids that are not absorbed

That said various nutrients that are now marketed as supplements have to be supplemented by some individuals due to past supplements uses and/or past dietary selections where also such supplements could also have favorable effects even where supplements usages are appropriate and dietary selections are appropriate. See this post on increasing acetylcholine levels and dopamine levels which would be of assistances where coffee is drunk. Also see this post on a treatment for seasonal affective disorder which would also be of assistances where coffee is drunk. And also see his post on increasing muscle protein synthesis.

The supplements industry is no better than the patent medicine industry was and is more deceptive. Individuals taking supplements are not clearly inebriated.

Synthetic carotenoids that are poorly absorbed and/or carotenoids that are not absorbed could have widespread favorable effects and would be safe to ingest. Synthetic carotenoids that are very poorly absorbed, for example synthetic lycopene, and/or or carotenoids that are not absorbed are appropriately over the counter.